DIALEKTIKA TOKOH-TOKOH FALSAFAH BARAT ZAMAN REVOLUSI SAINS MENGENAI SAINS DAN NILAI(DIALECTICAL DISCOURSE IN THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHY DURING THE SCIENCE REVOLUTION ERA ON THE SCIENCE AND VALUE)

Authors

  • Mohd Syahmir Alias Pusat Kajian Pengurusan Pembangunan Islam (ISDEV), Universiti Sains Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2016.3n3.89

Keywords:

Value-free, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Scientific Methodology

Abstract

 

Scientific Revolution which happened in Europe beginning from 17th to 18th century show the philosophers of science such as Francis Bacon and Immanuel Kant appeared with their ideas to strengthen the scientific methodology. Among the issues being debated is relevance of values towards science. However, different perspectives from these philosophers lead to the dialectic between science and values. This raises a question mark about their arguments and conclusions regarding the issue between science and values. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the outstanding philosophers of science whose involved in such debate from 17th to 18th century AD with their arguments. Next, the paper aims to analyze the relationship among these philosophers and their conception of science and values. Based on the content analysis method used, there are three important findings. First, Francis Bacon, the founder of Western scientific methods reject the practice of confounding superstitions and human biasness in scientific research. Second, there is a clear continuity between the thought of René Descartes, David Hume and Immanuel Kant’s dualism of science, but with different perspectives, i.e. mind-body dualism, fact-value dualism, phenomena-noumena dualism respectively. Third, the arguments of these philosophers of science, especially Kant implied in the concept of value-free scientific research for the following centuries.

 

 

References

Abdul Rahman Abdullah. (2010). Wacana Falsafah Sains: Sejarah dan Pemikiran. Pulau Pinang: Pusat Kajian Pengurusan Pembangunan Islam Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Ahmad Murad Merican. (2009). “Sejarah dan Falsafah Sains dalam Memahami Pemikiran Oksidental”, dlm. Azizan Baharuddin (ed.). Wacana Sejarah dan Falsafah Sains: Pemantapan Pengajian Sejarah, Falsafah dan Dasar Sains. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Bacon, Francis. (1902). Novum Organon. New York: P. F. Collier and Sons.

Bajaj, Jatinder K. (1988). “Francis Bacon, the First Philosopher of Modern Science: A Non-Western View”, dlm. Nandy, Ashis (ed.). Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Descartes, Rene. (1912). A Discourse on Method, terj. Veitch, John. London: J. M. Dent and Sons.

Hatfield, Gary. (2008). Rene Descartes. Diakses melalui http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/. Tarikh akses: 30 Disember 2014.

Howell, Kerry E. (2013). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology. London: Sage Publication.

Hume, David. (1888). A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hume, David. (1921). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Selections from A Treatise of Human Nature. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co.

Kant, Immanuel. (1929). Critique of Pure Reason, terj. Smith, Norman Kemp. London: Macmilian and Co., Ltd.

Kincaid, Harold, Dupré, John & Wylie, Alison. (2007). Value-Free Science: Ideals and Illusions?. New York: Oxford University Press.

Klein, Jürgen. (2012). Francis Bacon. Diakses melalui http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/#SciMetNovOrgTheInd. Tarikh akses: 10 Mac 2014.

Lacey, Hugh. (1999). Is Science Value Free? Values and Scientific Understanding. London: Routledge.

Mat Rofa Ismail. (2006). Falsafah Sains Pendekatan Kualitatif. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

McErlean, Jennifer. (2000). Philosophies of Science: From Foundations to Contemporary Issues. United States of America: Thompson Learning.

McLean, Craig. (2006). “Value-Free Research”, dlm. Jupp, Victor (ed.). The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. London: Sage Publication.

McNeill, Patrick & Chapman, Steve. (2005). Research Methods (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.

Muhammad Mumtaz Ali. (1994). Islamic and Western Philosophy of Knowledge: Contemporary Methodological Issues. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.

Mulaik, Stanley A. (2004). “Objectivity in Science and Structural Equation Modeling”, dlm. Kaplan, David (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences. London: Sage Publication.

Myrdal, Gunnar. (1969). Objectivity in Social Research. New York: Pantheon Books.

Okasha, Samir. (2002). Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Proctor, Robert N. (1991). Value-Free Science?: Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. America: Harvard University Press.

Reiss, Julian & Sprenger, Jan. (2014). Scientific Objectivity. Diakses melalui http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-objectivity/. Tarikh akses: 16 Oktober 2014.

Scruton, Roger. (1989). Sejarah Ringkas Falsafah Moden: Daripada Descartes hingga Wittgenstein, terj. Baharudin Ahmad. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Scruton, Roger. (2001). Kant: A Brief Insight. New York: Sterling.

Sorell, Tom. (2015). Descartes: Pengenalan Ringkas, terj. Salbiah Hashim. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan dan Buku Malaysia.

Weber, Max. (1949). On the Methodology of the Social Sciences. United States of America: The Free Press.

Wilson, Fred. (2008). Descartes, Rene Scientific Method. Diakses melalui http://www.iep.utm.edu/desc-sci/. Tarikh akses: 30 Mac 2015.

Downloads

Published

2016-11-27

How to Cite

Alias, M. S. (2016). DIALEKTIKA TOKOH-TOKOH FALSAFAH BARAT ZAMAN REVOLUSI SAINS MENGENAI SAINS DAN NILAI(DIALECTICAL DISCOURSE IN THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHY DURING THE SCIENCE REVOLUTION ERA ON THE SCIENCE AND VALUE). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2016.3n3.89

Issue

Section

Civilizational Studies