Pengurusan Hutang Kad Kredit – Sorotan Literatur Bersistematik daripada 2010-2020 (Credit Card Debt Management – Systematic Literature Review from 2010-2020)

Authors

  • Mohd Afifie Mohd Alwi Fakulti Keusahawanan dan Perniagaan, Kampus Kota, Univrsiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100 Kota Bharu Kelantan
  • Azwan Abdullah Fakulti Keusahawanan dan Perniagaan, Kampus Kota, Univrsiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100 Kota Bharu Kelantan
  • Azyanee Luqman Fakulti Pengurusan dan Perniagaan, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Kelantan 18500 Machang Kelantan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2023.10n1.588

Keywords:

Debt management; credit card; financial literacy; consumer behavior; credit card management

Abstract

This systematic literature review highlights debt management among credit card owners in Southeast Asia. Getting financing at any financial institutions in Southeast Asia is easy - if you have enough qualifications. However, the impact of indebtedness has caused problems in managing it. Therefore, the author reviews previous studies that focus on consumer debt management. Meanwhile, the study adopted the methods of Preferred reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) by using two major databases, Scopus and Web of Science. As a result, there were 12 articles that were systematically analysed. After going through the theme analysis process, five main research themes were identified namely demographics, financial literacy, behavior, credit card management and economics. In total, under these themes, the study was able to publish 18 sub-themes and some new suggestions and directions to future researchers.

References

Abd. Rahman, H. K. (2017). Kesan Psikologi Akibat Masalah Kewangan. Retrieved February 4, 2021, from http://www.myhealth.gov.my/kesan-psikologi-akibat-masalah-kewangan/

Abdul-Muhmin, A. G., & Umar, Y. A. (2007). Credit card ownership and usage behaviour in Saudi Arabia: The impact of demographics and attitudes toward debt. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 12(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4760074

Adzis, A. A., Bakar, J. A., & Shahar, H. K. (2017). Factors influencing young adults’ debt in Malaysia. Journal of Business & Retail Management Research, 12(01), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/V12IS01/FIYADIM

Agarwal, S., Pan, J., & Qian, W. (2020). Age of Decision: Pension Savings Withdrawal and Consumption and Debt Response. Management Science, 66(1), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3148

Ahmad Musadik, S. H. S., & Abdul Ghani Azmi, I. (2019). Factors influencing muslim credit card holders’ impulse buying behaviour in malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 22(Special Edition 2), 43–57. Retrieved from http://www.majcafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Vol-22-S2-Article-3.pdf

Ahmed, Z. U., Ismail, I., Sadiq Sohail, M., Tabsh, I., & Alias, H. (2010). Malaysian consumers’ credit card usage behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(4), 528–544. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555851011090547

Amin, H. (2012). Patronage factors of Malaysian local customers toward Islamic credit cards. Management Research Review, 35(6), 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211238271

Amin, H. (2013). Factors influencing Malaysian bank customers to choose Islamic credit cards. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(3), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2012-0013

Amit, N., Ismail, R., Zumrah, A. R., Mohd Nizah, M. A., Tengku Muda, T. E. A., Tat Meng, E. C., … Che Din, N. (2020). Relationship Between Debt and Depression, Anxiety, Stress, or Suicide Ideation in Asia: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01336

Ansar, R., Karim, M. R. A., Osman, Z., & Fahmi, M. S. (2019). The Impacts of Future Orientation and Financial Literacy on Personal Financial Management Practices among Generation Y in Malaysia: The Moderating Role of Gender. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2019/v12i130139

Arshat, Z., Pai, F. S., & Ismail, Z. (2018). Keluarga B40: Tekanan dan Kekuatan B40 Family: Stress and Strength. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences Journal Homepage, 10(1), 91–102. Retrieved from www.akademiabaru.com/arsbs.html

Awanis, S., & Chi Cui, C. (2014). Consumer susceptibility to credit card misuse and indebtedness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 26(3), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2013-0110

Azma, N., Rahman, M., Adeyemi, A. A., & Rahman, M. K. (2019). Propensity toward indebtedness: evidence from Malaysia. Review of Behavioral Finance, 11(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/RBF-05-2017-0046

Bakar, M. H., Yahaya, S. N., & Men, C. C. (2020). The Critical Factors Influencing Consumer Spending by Using Credit Card. The Journal of Technology Management, 8(1), 117-128 Retrieved from https://jtmt.utem.edu.my/jtmt/article/view/6026

Baker, H. K., Kumar, S., Goyal, N., & Gaur, V. (2019). How financial literacy and demographic variables relate to behavioral biases. Managerial Finance, 45(1), 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-01-2018-0003

Bank Negara Malaysia. (2018). Financial Stability and Payment Systems Report 2017 Retrieved from https://www.bnm.gov.my/documents/20124/856365/cp04.pdf. Retrieved March 25, 2019

Bank Negara Malaysia. Credit Card-i, Pub. L. No. BNM/RHP/PD 034-1, Bank Negara Malaysia 1 (2019). Malaysia: Bank Negara Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=57&pg=137&ac=810&bb=file Retrieved on July 1, 2019

Bank Negara Malaysia. Kad Kredit, Pub. L. No. BNM/RH/PD 036-1, 27 (2019). Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.bnm.gov.my/documents/20124/938039/Kad+Kredit.pdf Retrieved on January 25, 2019

Bilal, M., & Mydin Meera, A. K. (2015). Al-Muqassah model An alternative Shariah-compliant Islamic credit card model for Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(4), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-02-2013-0026

Celsi, M. W., Nelson, R. P., Dellande, S., & Gilly, M. C. (2017). Temptation’s itch: Mindlessness, acceptance, and mindfulness in a debt management program. Journal of Business Research, 77, 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.002

Cheu, S. P., & Loke, Y. J. (2010). Credit cardholder: Convenience user or credit revolver? Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 47(1), 1–17.

Clayton, M., Liñares-Zegarra, J., & Wilson, J. O. S. (2015). Does debt affect health? Cross country evidence on the debt-health nexus. Social Science & Medicine, 130, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.002

Cupák, A., Kolev, G. I., & Brokešová, Z. (2019). Financial literacy and voluntary savings for retirement: novel causal evidence. European Journal of Finance, 25(16), 1606–1625. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2019.1641123

Cwynar, A., Cwynar, W., & Wais, K. (2019). Debt Literacy and Debt Literacy Self-Assessment: The Case of Poland. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 53(1), 24–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12190

Dackehag, M., Ellegård, L.-M., Gerdtham, U.-G., & Nilsson, T. (2019). Debt and mental health: new insights about the relationship and the importance of the measure of mental health. European Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz002

Danila, N., Shahwan, Y., Ali, Z., & Djalaluddin, A. (2019). The Linkages Between Financial Literacy And Its Application in Financial Decision-Making Among Academics in Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 1280–1292. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.75167

Daud, S. N. M., Marzuki, A., Ahmad, N., & Kefeli, Z. (2019). Financial Vulnerability and Its Determinants: Survey Evidence from Malaysian Households. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(9), 1991–2003. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1511421

Dikko, M., & Madi, A. K. (2015). Casualties And Effects Of Household Debt In Asean Countries. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom, 3(2), 1-8 Retrieved from http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/3240.pdf

Dunn, L. F., & Mirzaie, I. A. (2016). CONSUMER DEBT STRESS, CHANGES IN HOUSEHOLD DEBT, AND THE GREAT RECESSION. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12218

Evans, D. S., & Schmalensee, R. (2018). Paying with Plastic. Paying with Plastic. London: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5281.001.0001

Eze, U. C., Beng, T. C., & Siang, J. T. H. (2012). Credit card debt among young Malaysians: A conceptual framework. In 2012 International Conference on Innovation Management and Technology Research 597–602. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMTR.2012.6236466

Fitch, C., Hamilton, S., Bassett, P., & Davey, R. (2011). The relationship between personal debt and mental health: A systematic review. Mental Health Review Journal, 16(4), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/13619321111202313

Flemming, K., Booth, A., Garside, R., Tunçalp, Ö., & Noyes, J. (2019). Qualitative evidence synthesis for complex interventions and guideline development: clarification of the purpose, designs and relevant methods. BMJ Global Health, 4(Suppl 1), e000882. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000882

Fozi, M. S., & Mohd Sharoni, S. M. H. (2020). Isu dalam Kad Kredit Islam Berasaskan Ujrah. In Muzakarah Cendekiawan Syariah Nusantara Ke-14: Kewangan Islam Kontemporari. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346530020_Isu_Dalam_Kredit_Kad_Berasaskan_Ujrah

Frigerio, M., Ottaviani, C., & Vandone, D. (2020). A meta‐analytic investigation of consumer over‐indebtedness: The role of impulsivity. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 44(4), 328–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12570

Goh, J. (2020). The Edge Markets. Credit Cards See Growth Despite Rise e-wallets. The Edge Malaysia. https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/credit-cards-see-growth-despite-rise-ewallets. Retrieved May 1, 2020

Gorbachev, O., & Luengo-Prado, M. J. (2019). The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Access Risk, and Financial Literacy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(2), 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00752

Gusenbauer, M., & Haddaway, N. R. (2019). Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta‐analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Research Synthesis Methods, 11(2), 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378

Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D., & Kirk, S. (2015). The Role of Google Scholar in Evidence Reviews and Its Applicability to Grey Literature Searching. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0138237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138237

Hamid, F. S., & Loke, Y. J. (2021). Financial literacy, money management skill and credit card repayments. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(2), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12614

Hamza, N., & Arif, I. (2019). Impact of Financial Literacy on Investment Decisions : The Mediating Effect of Big-Five Personality Traits Model. Market Forces College of Management Sciences, 14(1), 43–60.

Hancock, A. M., Jorgensen, B. L., & Swanson, M. S. (2013). College Students and Credit Card Use: The Role of Parents, Work Experience, Financial Knowledge, and Credit Card Attitudes. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(4), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9338-8

Hauff, J. C., Carlander, A., Gärling, T., & Nicolini, G. (2020). Retirement Financial Behaviour: How Important Is Being Financially Literate? Journal of Consumer Policy, 43(3), 543–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09444-x

Jia Rou Wong, Z., & Cheong Tang, T. (2020). Credit Card Usage and Inflation: A Case Study of a Small Open Economy in Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 54(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2020-5401-2

Kadoya, Y., & Khan, M. S. R. (2020). What determines financial literacy in Japan? Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 19(3), 353–371. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747218000379

Kassim, S. H. J., & Hussin, S. R. (2013). Repayment patterns, financial discipline and consumer profiling: An empirical investigation among credit card users in Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(23), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.eemcge.2203

Kaur, A. (2015). Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Southeast Asia 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_9

Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. EBSE Report. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.117.471 Retrieved on May 3, 2020

Klapper, L., & Lusardi, A. (2020). Financial literacy and financial resilience: Evidence from around the world. Financial Management, 49(3), 589–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/fima.12283

Lee, K. O., & Mori, M. (2021). Conspicuous consumption and household indebtedness. Real Estate Economics, 49(S2), 557–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.12305

Letkiewicz, J. C., Lim, H., Heckman, S. J., & Montalto, C. P. (2019). Parental Financial Socialization: Is Too Much Help Leading to Debt Ignorance among College Students? Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 48(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12341

Limbu, Y. B., & Sato, S. (2019). Credit card literacy and financial well-being of college students: A moderated mediation model of self-efficacy and credit card number. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(4), 991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2018-0082

Lin, L., Revindo, M. D., Gan, C., & Cohen, D. A. (2019). Determinants of credit card spending and debt of Chinese consumers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(2), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-01-2018-0010

Liu, Y., & Dewitte, S. (2021). A replication study of the credit card effect on spending behavior and an extension to mobile payments. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60(August 2020), 102472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102472

Loke, Y. J. (2016). Living beyond one’s means: evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 43(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2013-0248

Loke, Y. J., Yen, S. T., & Tan, A. K. G. (2011). Credit Card Averters and Amassers: Evidence from Malaysia*. Asian Economic Journal, 25(4), 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2011.02068.x

Loke, Y. J., Yen, S. T., & Tan, A. K. G. (2013). Credit Card Ownership and Debt Status in Malaysia. The Singapore Economic Review, 58(03), 1350016. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590813500161

Lusardi, A., & Tufano, P. (2015). Debt literacy, financial experiences, and overindebtedness. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 14(4), 332–368. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747215000232

Maswati, A. T., Abdullah, A., & Wai Yee, C. (2015). Credit card practices: Knowledge, attitude and debt management. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 23(September), 119–142.

Maswati, A. T., Abdullah, A., & Yee, W. (2015). Credit Card Practices : Knowledge , Attitude and Debt Management. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 23, 119–142.

Ming‐Yen Teoh, W., Chong, S., & Mid Yong, S. (2013). Exploring the factors influencing credit card spending behavior among Malaysians. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(6), 481–500. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2013-0037

Ming, Y., Li, C., & Chen, J. (Elaine). (2021). Acquisition mode and credit card overspending behavior: An empirical analysis of the credit card industry. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 55(1), 232–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12341

Mitchell, O. S., & Lusardi, A. (2015). Financial Literacy and Economic Outcomes: Evidence and Policy Implications. The Journal of Retirement, 3(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.3905/jor.2015.3.1.107

Mohamed Shaffril, H. A., Ahmad, N., Samsuddin, S. F., Samah, A. A., & Hamdan, M. E. (2020). Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120595

Mohamed Shaffril, H. A., Samah, A. A., Samsuddin, S. F., & Ali, Z. (2019). Mirror-mirror on the wall, what climate change adaptation strategies are practiced by the Asian’s fishermen of all? Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.262

Muhammad Ibrahim. (2018). Governor’s Keynote Address at the Malaysian E-Payments Excellence Awards (MEEA) 2018 - “The resurgence of payments in a digital world.” Retrieved October 8, 2019, from Governor’s Keynote Address at the Malaysian E-Payments Excellence Awards (MEEA) 2018 - “The resurgence of payments in a digital world”

Nizar, N., & Abdul Karim, Z. (2016). Determinants of Malaysia Household Debt: Macroeconomic Perspective. Journal of Business and Economics, 7(8), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/08.07.2016/005

OECD-INFE. (2011). Measuring Financial Literacy : Questionnaire and Guidance Notes for Conducting an Internationally Comparable Survey of Financial Literacy. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/finance/financial-education/49319977.pdf

Okoli, C. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37(1), 879–910. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.03743

Othman, K., S., S., Zulkiple, A. G., & Jusoff, K. (2013). Debt Ridden Behaviour and Coping Skill From an Islamic Spectrum. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 13(SPLISSUE), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.13.1879

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.

Pradhan, D., Israel, D., & Jena, A. K. (2018). Materialism and compulsive buying behaviour. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(5), 1239–1258. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2017-0164

Rahman, M., Azma, N., Masud, M. A. K., & Ismail, Y. (2020). Determinants of Indebtedness: Influence of Behavioral and Demographic Factors. International Journal of Financial Studies, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8010008

Robinson, P., & Lowe, J. (2015). Literature reviews vs systematic reviews. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 39(2), 103–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12393

Sahul Hamid, M. (2020). Evolusi Penduduk di Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/6_Newsletter/Newsletter 2020/DOSM_BPPD_5-2020_Siri-63.pdf

Salisbury, L. C., & Zhao, M. (2020). Active Choice Format and Minimum Payment Warnings in Credit Card Repayment Decisions. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 39(3), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915619868691

Sartiges, D. de, Bharadwaj, A., Khan, I., Tasiaux, J., & Witschi, P. (2020). Consumers Are Driving a Digital Payment Revolution. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/southeast-asian-consumers-digital-payment-revolutions

Shaffril, H. A. M., Krauss, S. E., & Samsuddin, S. F. (2018). A systematic review on Asian’s farmers’ adaptation practices towards climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 644, 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.349

Sierra-Correa, P. C., & Cantera Kintz, J. R. (2015). Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts. Marine Policy, 51, 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.09.013

Soh, W. (2019). Non-performing loan and economic determinants in Asia-Pacific countries: Evidence from credit card debt. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7(6), 1609–1614.

Stavins, J. (2020). Credit Card Debt and Consumer Payment Choice: What Can We Learn from Credit Bureau Data? Journal of Financial Services Research, 58(1), 59–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-019-00330-8

Tan, A. K. G., Yen, S. T., & Loke, Y. J. (2011). Credit Card Holders, Convenience Users and Revolvers: A Tobit Model with Binary Selection and Ordinal Treatment. Journal of Applied Economics, 14(2), 225–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(11)60013-5

The Global Economy.com. (2017). Percent people with credit cards in South East Asia. Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/people_with_credit_cards/South-East-Asia/ Retrieved on 2, 2022

Theong, M. J., Osman, A. F., & Yap, S. F. (2018). Household indebtedness: How global and domestic macro-economic factors influence credit card debt default in Malaysia. Institutions and Economies, 10(3), 37–56.

Toto Ngadiman, D. W., Rahim, H. A., Yacoob, S. E., & Wahid, H. (2019). Harga Diri, Niat Menambah Pinjaman Dan Gelagat Perbelanjaan Individu Muslim Berpendapatan Rendah Di Sektor Perladangan. UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 6(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2019.6n1.276

Turunen, E., & Hiilamo, H. (2014). Health effects of indebtedness: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 489. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-489

Yen, Y. Y., Pillay, S. D., & Ramasamy, S. (2020). Factors contributing to credit card adoption among malaysian consumers. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(1), 153–159. Retrieved from http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/jan2020/-Factors-Contributing-To-Credit-Card-Adoption-Among-Malaysian-Consumers.pdf

Zainudin, R., Mahdzan, N. S., & Yeap, M. Y. (2019). Determinants of credit card misuse among Gen Y consumers in urban Malaysia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(5), 1350–1370. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-08-2018-0215

Zandi, G., Mansori, S., & Hai, O. B. (2019). The Effect of Demographic Variables and Ownership on Credit Card Market in Malaysia. International Journal of Financial Research, 10(5), 359. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v10n5p359

Downloads

Published

2023-02-28

How to Cite

Mohd Alwi, M. A., Abdullah, A. ., & Luqman , A. . (2023). Pengurusan Hutang Kad Kredit – Sorotan Literatur Bersistematik daripada 2010-2020 (Credit Card Debt Management – Systematic Literature Review from 2010-2020). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 10(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2023.10n1.588

Issue

Section

Articles