IBN KHALDUN’S RELIGIONSWISSENSCHAFT: EXPLORING THE SOURCES IN THE MUQADDIMAH

Authors

  • Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi Wan Razali UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
  • Jaffary Awang Department of Theology and Philosophy Faculty of Islamic Studies Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2017.4n1.133

Keywords:

Ibn Khaldun, Religionswissenschaft, Muqaddimah, sources and integrative

Abstract

 

Ibn Khaldun is one of many Muslim scholars in the study of Islamic history and civilization, who is popularly known for his Muqaddimah. The Muqaddimah is meant to be an introduction to the voluminous Kitab al-cIbar. Yet, the creation of Muqaddimah includes information on the study of human, which includes information on the non-Muslim religions. By including information on the non-Muslim religions in his Muqaddimah, this means that there are specific sources used by Ibn Khaldun for this purpose. In any research writings, credible and reliable sources of information are among important elements in determining a valid, useful and accurate research finding. Through the use of qualitative content analysis on Muqaddimah text, this article explores Ibn Khaldun’s sources of information on the non-Muslim religions. Two typologies of Ibn Khaldun’s sources are relayed in this article, namely their main forms and their religious origin. In terms of main forms of sources, there are two main forms of sources found in the Muqaddimah, namely critical observation and textual sources. While for their religious origin, Ibn Khaldun’s sources of other religions could be divided into three main types, namely first, Muslim sources, second, Christian sources and third, Jewish sources. This article opines that these sources are proofs of Ibn Khaldun’s epistemology, altogether of his understanding of knowledge and religion, as integrative or in tawhidic manner. It is possible to conclude that due to this integrative or tawhidic understanding, Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah has been recognized as amongst world’s great literatures and referred by many international scholars until today. 

 

Author Biographies

Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi Wan Razali, UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA

WAN MOHD FAZRUL AZDI BIN WAN RAZALI,

PENSYARAH,

PROGRAM PENGAJIAN AKIDAH DAN AGAMA,

FAKULTI KEPIMPINAN DAN PENGURUSAN,

UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA

71800 NILAI

Jaffary Awang, Department of Theology and Philosophy Faculty of Islamic Studies Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Department of Theology and Philosophy,

Faculty of Islamic Studies

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 

References

cAbd al-Raḥmān Badwī. (2006). Muallafāt Ibn Khaldūn. Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aclā Li al-Thaqāfah.

Ahmad Shboul. (1979). Al-Mas’udi and His World. London: Ithaca Press.

Al-Acẓamī, Ḍiyā’ al-Raḥmān. 2003. Dirāsāt Fi al-Yahūdiyyah Wa al-Naṣrāniyyah Wa Adyān al-Hind. Riyadh: Maktabah al-Rushd Nāshirūn.

Al-Ḥuṣrī, Abu Khaldun Sātic. (1968). Dirāsāt cAn Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun. Cairo: Maktabah Al-Khanjī.

Al-Nabhān, Muḥammad Fārūq. (1998). al-Fikr al-Khaldūnī Min Khilāl al-Muqaddimah. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risālah.

Al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad Ibn cAbd Al-Karīm. (1993). Al-Milal Wa Al-Nihal. Beirūt: Dār Al-Macrifah.

Al-Shikcah, Musṭafā. (1992). Al-Usus Al-Islāmiyyah Fī Fikr Ibn Khaldūn Wa Nazariyyātuhu. Cairo: Al-Dar Al-Misriyyah Al-Lubnāniyyah.

Al-Shuwaykat, Sulaymān cAbdullāh. (1986). Manhaj al-Mascūdī Fī Kitābah al-Tārīkh. n.pl: n. pb.

Al-Ṭabbāc, cUmar Fārūq. (1992). Ibn Khaldūn: Fī Sīratihi Wa Falsafatihi al-Tārīkhiyyah Wa al-Ijtimāciyyah. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Macārif.

Al-Wāqidī, Muḥammad ibn cUmar ibn Wāqid. (1984). Kitāb al-Maghāzī. n.pl.: cĀlam al-Kutub.

Ali Husayn Wardi. (1950). A Sociological Analysis of Ibn Khaldun’s Theory: A Study of the Sociology of Knowledge. PhD Thesis. The University of Texas.

Berg, Bruce L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. USA: Allyn and Bacon.

Black, Antony. (2005). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Bland, Kalman. (1983). An Islamic Theory of Jewish History: The Case of Ibn Khaldun. Journal of Asian and African Studies.18 (¾): 189-197.

Campo, Juan E. (2009). Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad. In Campo, Juan E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Facts of File. 334–335.

Collingwood, R. G. (1970). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Donnelly, Mark and Norton, Claire. (2011). Doing History. London and New York: Routledge.

Fischel, Walter Joseph. (1967). Ibn Khaldun in Egypt: His Public Functions and Historical Research. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Fuad Baali and Ali Wardi. (1981). Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Thought-Styles: A Social Perspective. Massachusetts: G.K. Hall and Co.

Hammond, Michael and Wellington, Jerry. (2013). Research Methodology: Key Concepts. London and New York: Routledge.

Hitti, Philip Khuri. (1946). History of the Arabs. London: MacMillan and Co., Limited.

Hitti, Philip Khuri. (1968). Makers of Arab History. London: MacMillan.

Ibn Ḥazm. (1996). al-Fiṣal Fī al-Milal Wa al-Ahwā’ Wa al-Niḥal. Beirūt: Dār al-Jayl.

Ibn Khaldūn. (n.d). Tarīkh Ibn Khaldūn al-cIbar wa Diwān al-Mubtada’ Wa al-Khabar Fī Ayyām al-cArab wa al-cAjam wa al-Barbar wa Man cĀṣarahum Min Dhawī al-Sulṭān al-Akbar. Taḥqīq: Abū Ṣuhayb al-Karamī. Riyadh: Bayt al-Afkār al-Dawliyyah.

Ibn Khaldun. (1967). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. 3 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ibn Khaldūn. (1979). al-Tacrīf Bi Ibn Khaldūn Wa Riḥlatuhu Gharban Wa Sharqan. Lubnan: Dar al-Kitab al-Lubnānī.

Ibn Khaldūn. (2001). Diwān al-Mubtada’ Wa al-Khabar Fi Tarīkh al-cArab Wa al-Barbar Wa Man cĀṣarahum Man Dhawī al-Sha’n al-Akbar. Taḥqīq wa Murājacah: Khalīl Shiḥādah dan Suhayl Zikār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.

Ibn Khaldūn. (2014). Al-Muqaddimah. (Taḥqīq: cAlī cAbd al-Wāḥid Wāfī). 3 vols. Cairo: Maktabah Nahḍah Misr.

cImād al-Dīn Khalīl. (1983). Ibn Khaldūn Islāmiyyan. Beirūt: al-Maktab al-Islāmī.

Ishak Saat. (2010). Penulisan Sejarah. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributor Sdn. Bhd.

Issawi, Charles. (1963). An Arab Philosophy of History. London: John Murray.

Levy-Rubin, Milka. (2011). Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: From Surrender to Coexistence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lutfi Sunar and Faruq Yaslicimen. (2008). The Possibilities of New Perspectives for Social Sciences: An Analysis Based on Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Umrân*. Asian Journal of Social Science 36: 408–433.

Majdan Alias. (2011). Al- Mascūdī’s Methodology in His Study of Religions Other Than Islam. Revelation and Science 1(3):108-114.

Mohammad Abdullah Enan. (1997). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.

Muhammad Azizan Sabjan. (2010). Early Muslim Scholarship in Religionswissenschaft: A Study of Ibn Khaldun and Religious Institutions of Christianity. Jurnal Majlis Islam Sarawak 2(2): 1-8.

Muhsin Mahdi. (2016). Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture. London and New York: Routledge.

Nāṣīf Naṣṣār. (1981). al-Fikr al-Wāqicī cInda Ibn Khaldūn. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīcah.

Ort, L. J. R. (1968). Mani, Manichaeism, 'Religionswissenschaft'. Numen 15: 191-207.

Pines, Solomon. (1970). Ibn Khaldun and Maimonides: A Comparison between Two Texts. Studia Islamica 32: 265-274.

Pummer, Reinhard. (1972). Religionswissenschaft or Religiology? Numen. 19(2/3):91-127.

Qasim Ahmad. (1991). Karya Sejarah: Pendekatan dan Persoalan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Saleh Faghirzadeh. (1982). Sociology of Sociology: In Search of…Ibn-Khaldun’s Sociology Then and Now. Tehran: The Soroush Press.

Schmidt, Nathaniel. (1978). Ibn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist and Philosopher. Lahore: Universal Books.

Shafer, Robert Jones (1976). A Guide to Historical Method. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.

Syed Omar Syed Agil. (2008). The Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun: Religion, Human Nature and Economics. Kajang: Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor.

Tritton, A. S. (2008). Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of 'Umar. London and New York: Routledge.

Turner, Bryan S. (1971). Sociological Founders and Precursors: The Theories of Religion of Emile Durkheim, Fustel De Coulanges and Ibn Khaldun. Religion 1(1): 32-48.

Wasserstrom, Samuel M. (1999). Heresiography of the Jews in Mamluk Times. In Waardenburg, Jacques. (ed.) Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Whittingham, Martin. (2011). The Value of Tahrif Macnawi (corrupt interpretation) as a Category for Analysing Muslim Views of the Bible: Evidence from Al-Radd Al-Jamil and Ibn Khaldun. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 22(2): 209 -222.

Zaid Ahmad. (2003). The Epistemology of Ibn Khaldun. London & New York: Routledge Curzon.

Downloads

Published

2017-03-09

How to Cite

Wan Razali, W. M. F. A., & Awang, J. (2017). IBN KHALDUN’S RELIGIONSWISSENSCHAFT: EXPLORING THE SOURCES IN THE MUQADDIMAH. UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2017.4n1.133

Issue

Section

Civilizational Studies